📚 Midterm Study Pack

ESG(23 Oct · 25%)· Banking(24 Oct · 15%)· 19–24 Oct 2026
ESG Midterm · 23 Oct (Sun) · 佔 25%
Lectures 1–6 (Part II) + Assignment 2(L3/L4)· Closed book · 一頁 A4 單面筆記
▶ ESG Lecture 1 — Introduction to Sustainable Finance & ESG Investing 核心概念同分類

1.1 Sustainability 定義

UN Brundtland Commission (1987):

"Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs."

Three Pillars:Planet(環境)· People(社會)· Profit(經濟)

1.2 Traditional vs Sustainable Investing

維度TraditionalSustainable
Payoffs只金融回報金融 + 社會 + 環境
Risk只金融風險多維度風險(含 ESG 風險)

1.3 Sustainable Finance 系統四大組件

  1. Sustainable Lending — 評估借款人可持續性(信貸風險)
  2. Sustainable Investing / Green & Social Finance — 評估發行人 ESG 表現
  3. Information Disclosure — Sustainability Report;監管披露、業績會、社交媒體
  4. Market Regulations — 碳稅、反 greenwashing 披露要求

1.4 Types of Sustainable Investing(由 impact 低 / return 高 → impact 高 / return 低)

類型關注ESG 指標回報預期
Philanthropy社會公益無只社會影響
Impact Investing可量化影響 + 回報有(系統追蹤)市場或低於市場
SRI / ESG Investing長期價值 + ESG 風險緩解有(系統分析)ESG 風險調整後市場回報
Traditional最大化金融回報無市場回報(風險調整)

1.5 Approaches of Sustainable Portfolio Construction(三大方法)

  • Screening-Based
    • Negative Screening(排除法):排除違反選定目標嘅行業(化石燃料)。優點:易溝通。缺點:排除成個 sector,降低分散化。
    • Best-in-Class / Positive Screening(正面篩選):按 ESG 評級納入 sector 內頂尖(MSCI ESG Index:top 25%)。優點:保持 sector 分散。缺點:依賴 ESG 評級。
    • Faith-based Investing:避開同道德/宗教衝突嘅產品(Sharia:排除賭博、高息、煙草、酒精)。
  • Thematic-Based(主題式):聚焦特定可持續主題(可再生能源、循環經濟)。避免 "ESG washing"。
  • Corporate Engagement:透過股東對話、代理投票(proxy voting)推動被投資公司改善 ESG。

Flashcards(點擊翻面)

Spectrum of Capital 嘅最左端係?
點擊翻面 ↓
Philanthropy(慈善)— 只社會影響,無金融回報
Best-in-Class / Positive Screening 嘅例子?
點擊翻面 ↓
MSCI ESG Index:納入 sector 內 top 25% ESG 評級公司
UN Brundtland 定義嘅核心?
點擊翻面 ↓
滿足當下需要,而不損害下一代滿足自身需要嘅能力
Three Pillars of Sustainability?
點擊翻面 ↓
Planet(環境)· People(社會)· Profit(經濟)
Faith-based investing 例子?
點擊翻面 ↓
Sharia 投資:排除賭博、高息、煙草、酒精

測驗(點擊選項作答)

Which of the following financial activities best aligns with the core purpose of sustainable finance?
A. 銀行批貸款俾燃煤電廠因利率高
B. 投資者按長期 ESG 標準篩選投資
C. 公司只追求短期股價
D. 政府補貼化石燃料
解釋:Sustainable finance 嘅核心係將資本撥往支持長遠環境/社會/經濟福祉嘅項目,並緩解 ESG 風險。
Negative screening 嘅主要缺點係?
A. 難以溝通
B. 排除成個 sector,降低分散化
C. 需要高 ESG 評級
D. 不涉及 ESG 指標
解釋:排除法排除成個行業(如化石燃料),導致組合 sector 分散化降低。
▶ ESG Lecture 2 — ESG 市場同產品 DCF 估值 + Portfolio construction

2.1 ESG 投資嘅宏觀角度

  • 宏觀經濟風險(ESG 事件 → 系統性風險)
  • 託管責任(fiduciary duty):ESG 整合符合託管義務
  • 市場需求:監管壓力 + 投資者壓力
  • ESG 披露監管發展

2.2 財務重要性(Materiality)

ESG 事件如何影響公司價值 → 用 DCF 量化。

2.3 [計算] DCF 模型 — ESG 點樣影響公司估值

基本 DCF:V₀ = Σₜ CFₜ / (1+r)ᵗ
恒常增長:V₀ = CF₁ / (r − g)
零增長(perpetuity):V₀ = CF / r

Q2.6 — 咖啡店 ESG 項目(L2 p.38)

顯示完整計算

題目數據:

  • 現有 OCF = $0.5M/年,恆定;cost of capital r = 10%
  • ESG 項目需初始投資 Cost₀ = $1M(今日)
  • 投資後 OCF 每年增長 g = 1%;cost of capital 降至 r' = 9%

解答:

(1) 現有公司價值(無增長,perpetuity):
V₀ = CF/r = 0.5M / 10% = $5,000,000

(2) 投資 ESG 後公司價值:
CF₁ = 0.5M × (1+1%) = $505,000
V₀⁽ᵂⁱᵗʰᵃᵉˢᵍ⁾ = −1M + 505,000/(0.09−0.01) = −1M + 6,312,500 = $5,312,500

(3) NPVESG = 5,312,500 − 5,000,000 = +$312,500 > 0 → 接受

(4) Cutoff growth rate(令 NPVESG = 0):
−1M + 0.5M(1+g)/(0.09−g) = 5M
⇒ 6.5M·g = 0.04M ⇒ g = 0.04/6.5 ≈ 0.615%
OCF 增長率需超過 ~0.615% 項目先值得。

2.4 ESG 投資產品

  • ESG 指數(MSCI ESG Index、FTSE4Good)
  • Green bond(綠色債券)
  • Social bond / Sustainability-linked bond
  • ESG ETF

Flashcards(點擊翻面)

DCF 公式(恒常增長)?
點擊翻面 ↓
V₀ = CF₁ / (r − g)
DCF 公式(零增長 perpetuity)?
點擊翻面 ↓
V₀ = CF / r
ESG 點樣影響估值?
點擊翻面 ↓
ESG 事件改變未來 cash flow(CF)或 discount rate(r),兩者皆影響 V₀
▶ ESG Lecture 3 — Environmental ("E") GHG Scopes + CO₂e 計算 + Physical/Transition risk

3.1 Natural Capital Services(四類)

類型例子
Provisioning(供給)水、食物、木材、燃料
Regulating(調節)碳循環、水過濾、氣候調節、洪水控制
Cultural(文化)景觀、休閒、美學
Supporting(支持)養分循環、土壤形成(為其他服務提供基礎)

3.2 Physical Risk vs Transition Risk

類型定義例子
Physical risk由氣候變化物理影響直接造成嘅風險颱風、洪水、海平面上升、乾旱
Transition risk向低碳經濟轉型過程嘅政策/技術/市場風險碳稅、法規、技術取代、消費者偏好改變

3.3 [計算] Core Environmental Metrics

3.3.1 GHG Emissions — CO₂e 計算(關鍵)

CO₂e = Σ (each gas emissions in tons × GWP)

GWP 表(100 年):CO₂ = 1(基準)· CH₄ = 30 · N₂O = 265

L3 Q8 / slides p.36 例:

  • CO₂ 1,000 tons × 1 = 1,000
  • CH₄ 100 tons × 30 = 3,000
  • N₂O 2 tons × 265 = 530
  • 總 CO₂e = 1,000 + 3,000 + 530 = 4,530 tons

3.3.2 GHG Scopes(三圍,關鍵概念)

  • Scope 1:公司擁有或控制來源嘅直接排放
  • Scope 2:公司使用購買能源(電、蒸汽、熱)嘅間接排放
  • Scope 3:價值鏈上下游其他所有活動嘅間接排放(不喺 1–2 內)

分三圍原因:避免重複計算,確保全價值鏈覆蓋。Scope 1+2 為公司可控,Scope 3 多不直接可控。

3.3.3 [計算] L3 Q3.6 / Q9 — Boeing Scope 1/2/3(極重要)

顯示完整計算

情境:Georgia Power 售電、EPIC Fuels 售燃油、Boeing 生產飛機、United 用 Boeing 飛機。

  • Georgia Power:700 CO₂e(售電予 Boeing)+ 1,000(售電予他人)
  • EPIC Fuels:1,000 CO₂e(售燃油予 Boeing)+ 800(售予他人)
  • Boeing:500 CO₂e(自用設施生產飛機)+ 600 CO₂e(購買 EPIC 燃油燃燒)
  • United:2,000 CO₂e(用 Boeing 租機)+ 1,000(用 Airbus 租機)

Scope 1(Boeing 直接,自有/控制來源):500(生產)+ 600(燃油燃燒)= 1,100
Scope 2(購買電力):700
Scope 3(上游+下游價值鏈):1,000(EPIC 上游造燃油)+ 2,000(United 下游用 Boeing 飛機)= 3,000

答案:Scope 1 = 1,100 · Scope 2 = 700 · Scope 3 = 3,000

3.3.4 行業別指標

行業指標
Energy (Oil/Gas)CO₂e per barrel of oil equivalent (BOE)
Manufacturing (Cement/Steel)CO₂e per ton of product
Transport (Airlines)CO₂e per passenger-kilometer (pkm)
RetailCO₂e per $ of revenue
Tech (Data Centers)CO₂e per terabyte (TB) of data stored

3.3.5 Carbon Pricing(碳定價)

機制定義
Carbon Tax(碳稅)政府設固定價/噸 CO₂
Emissions Trading / Cap-and-Trade政府設總量上限(cap),發行排放許可(1 permit = 1 ton)
Carbon Tax 成本 = emissions (tons) × price ($/ton)
例:1,000 tons × $50/ton = $50,000

3.3.6 CBF(Biodiversity / Ecosystem)Scopes

  • Scope 1 CBF:自有/控制資產嘅直接生態壓力
  • Scope 2 CBF:公司消費能源嘅間接壓力
  • Scope 3 CBF:客戶同供應商活動嘅間接壓力

Flashcards(點擊翻面)

CO₂e 公式
點擊翻面 ↓
CO₂e = Σ (tons × GWP)
GWP(100 年)
點擊翻面 ↓
CO₂ = 1 · CH₄ = 30 · N₂O = 265
GHG Scope 1
點擊翻面 ↓
公司擁有或控制來源嘅直接排放
GHG Scope 2
點擊翻面 ↓
公司使用購買能源嘅間接排放
GHG Scope 3
點擊翻面 ↓
價值鏈上下游其他所有活動嘅間接排放
Boeing Scope 1/2/3
點擊翻面 ↓
Scope 1 = 1,100 · Scope 2 = 700 · Scope 3 = 3,000
Physical risk 例子
點擊翻面 ↓
颱風、洪水、海平面上升、乾旱
Transition risk 例子
點擊翻面 ↓
碳稅、法規、技術取代、消費者偏好
Carbon Tax 成本
點擊翻面 ↓
emissions (tons) × price ($/ton)

測驗(點擊選項作答)

Coca-Cola uses over 300 billion liters of water annually to mix its drinks and clean equipment. This is an example of which natural capital service?
A. Provisioning
B. Regulating
C. Cultural
D. Supporting
解釋:供水係自然資本嘅 provisioning service(供給服務)。
Disneyland's lush gardens and scenic lake are a key part of its "magical" guest experience, drawing millions of visitors. This is an example of:
A. Provisioning
B. Regulating
C. Cultural
D. Supporting
解釋:景觀/休閒/美學屬 cultural service。
McDonald's preserves wetlands near some of its U.S. distribution centers. Wetlands naturally filter dirt and chemicals from rainwater. This is:
A. Provisioning
B. Regulating
C. Cultural
D. Supporting
解釋:水過濾/氣候調節屬 regulating service。
Nestlé sources cocoa beans from West African rainforest regions to make KitKat and other chocolate products. This is:
A. Provisioning
B. Regulating
C. Cultural
D. Supporting
解釋:食物來源屬 provisioning service。
Tesla invests in forest conservation projects. Forests absorb CO₂ from the air. This is:
A. Provisioning
B. Regulating
C. Cultural
D. Supporting
解釋:森林吸收 CO₂ 係碳調節,屬 regulating service。
A Florida-based theme park shuts down for three days due to a hurricane that floods its parking lots. This is an example of:
A. Physical risk
B. Transition risk
C. Reputational risk
D. Operational risk
解釋:颱風洪水係物理風險(physical risk)。
A Chinese manufacturing factory halts production for a week because rising sea levels contaminate its freshwater supply with saltwater. This is:
A. Physical risk
B. Transition risk
C. Reputational risk
D. Operational risk
解釋:海平面上升污染淡水係物理風險。
A U.S. fast-food chain... faces rising costs due to new carbon tax legislation. This is:
A. Physical risk
B. Transition risk
C. Reputational risk
D. Operational risk
解釋:碳稅法規係轉型風險(transition risk)。
A company emits 1,000 tons CO₂ and 100 tons CH₄. What is total CO₂e?
A. 1,100 tons
B. 4,000 tons
C. 3,100 tons
D. 370 tons
解釋:1,000×1 + 100×30 = 1,000 + 3,000 = 4,000 tons CO₂e
▶ ESG Lecture 4 — Social ("S") 五大社會因素指標 + 計算

4.1 五大社會因素(Five Social Factors)

  • People(僱員)
  • Community(社區)
  • Customers(客戶)
  • Supply Chain(供應鏈)
  • Product / Consumer(產品/消費者)

4.2 Social Theories(社會理論)

  • Stakeholder Theory:公司需對所有利益相關者負責
  • Triple Bottom Line (TBL):People, Planet, Profit
  • Social Contract Theory:公司同社會嘅隱性合約

4.3 [計算] Core Social Metrics(五大社會因素指標)

4.3.1 Customer Retention Ratio

Customer Retention Ratio = (Ending Customers / Beginning Customers) × 100%

4.3.2 產品質量

Defect Rate = (Defective Units / Total Units Produced) × 100%

4.3.3 僱員福祉

Employee Turnover Rate = (Employees Separated / Avg Total Employees) × 100%
Training Hours per Employee = Total Training Hours / Total Employees

4.3.4 HHI(Herfindahl-Hirschman Index)

HHI = Σ (market share_i)²

4.3.5 Community Giving Ratio

Community Giving Ratio = Community Giving / Total Assets

Flashcards(點擊翻面)

Customer Retention Ratio
點擊翻面 ↓
(Ending Customers / Beginning Customers) × 100%
Defect Rate
點擊翻面 ↓
(Defective Units / Total Units Produced) × 100%
Employee Turnover Rate
點擊翻面 ↓
(Employees Separated / Avg Total Employees) × 100%
HHI
點擊翻面 ↓
Σ (market share_i)²
Community Giving Ratio
點擊翻面 ↓
Community Giving / Total Assets
▶ ESG Lecture 5 — Governance ("G") Governance metrics + 計算

5.1 公司治理核心原則

  • 董事會獨立性
  • 股東權
  • 披露同透明度
  • 利益相關者權益
  • 反貪腐 / 合規

5.2 Agency Theory(委託代理理論)

股東(principal)同管理層(agent)之間嘅代理成本(agency cost)。

Agency Cost = Monitoring Cost + Bonding Cost + Residual Loss

5.3 [計算] Core Metrics of Corporate Governance

  • Board Independence Ratio = Independent Directors / Total Directors
  • Board Meeting Attendance Rate = (Director Attendance / Total Required Attendance) × 100%
  • ESG Disclosure Score(按 GRI / SASB / ISSB 標準)

Flashcards(點擊翻面)

Agency Cost 組成
點擊翻面 ↓
Monitoring Cost + Bonding Cost + Residual Loss
Board Independence Ratio
點擊翻面 ↓
Independent Directors / Total Directors
▶ ESG Lecture 6 (Part I) — Equity ESG:風險與回報、組合 期望回報、變異數、協方差、相關係數、CAPM

6.1 期望回報、變異數、協方差、相關係數

E(R) = Σ p_i · R_i
Variance σ² = Σ p_i · (R_i − E(R))²
Std Dev σ = √Variance
Cov(X,Y) = E[(X−EX)(Y−EY)]
ρ(X,Y) = Cov(X,Y) / (σ_X · σ_Y)

Q6.2 — 四個證券之期望回報

顯示計算

μ_A = 18% · μ_B = 7.9%(依 slides 數據)

Q6.3 — 變異數同標準差

顯示計算

σ_p = 1.9742%(注意:slides 將 σ 誤標為 Variance,實際 σ 係標準差)

Q6.4 — 協方差同相關係數

顯示計算

Cov(A,B) = −0.01392

ρ(A,B) = −0.92

6.2 CAPM

E(R_i) = R_f + β_i · [E(R_m) − R_f]

β 計算:β_i = Cov(R_i, R_m) / Var(R_m)

6.3 組合權重

w_A = 60% · w_ESG = 20%(依 slides 組合構成)

Flashcards(點擊翻面)

期望回報 E(R)
點擊翻面 ↓
Σ p_i · R_i
變異數 Variance
點擊翻面 ↓
Σ p_i · (R_i − E(R))²
標準差 σ
點擊翻面 ↓
√Variance
協方差 Cov(X,Y)
點擊翻面 ↓
E[(X−EX)(Y−EY)]
相關係數 ρ
點擊翻面 ↓
Cov(X,Y) / (σ_X · σ_Y)
CAPM 公式
點擊翻面 ↓
E(R_i) = R_f + β_i · [E(R_m) − R_f]
β 計算
點擊翻面 ↓
β_i = Cov(R_i, R_m) / Var(R_m)
Q6.2 答案
點擊翻面 ↓
μ_A = 18% · μ_B = 7.9%
Q6.3 答案
點擊翻面 ↓
σ_p = 1.9742%
Q6.4 答案
點擊翻面 ↓
Cov(A,B) = −0.01392 · ρ = −0.92

測驗(點擊選項作答)

A portfolio has expected return 8% and risk-free rate 3%. Beta = 1.2. What is market premium?
A. 4.17%
B. 5.00%
C. 6.00%
D. 8.00%
解釋:Market premium = (8% − 3%) / 1.2 = 4.17%
▶ ESG Lecture 6 (Part II) — Equity ESG:機會集、Markowitz、CAPM CML + 效率測試

6.4 機會集(Opportunity Set)同 Markowitz

所有可能組合構成份散化邊界(efficient frontier)。

6.5 CML(Capital Market Line)

CML: E(R_p) = R_f + [E(R_m) − R_f] / σ_m · σ_p

CML 效率測試

顯示例子

基金 20% < CML 25% → inefficient(低於 CML,未提供適當風險回報)

6.6 SFDR(EU Sustainable Finance Disclosure Regulation)

Article類型特點
Art 6ESG risk披露 ESG 風險,不宣稱可持續
Art 8"Light green"披露 ESG 整合,宣稱可持續
Art 9"Dark green"以可持續投資為核心策略

Flashcards(點擊翻面)

CML 公式
點擊翻面 ↓
E(R_p) = R_f + [E(R_m) − R_f] / σ_m · σ_p
SFDR Art 6
點擊翻面 ↓
披露 ESG 風險,不宣稱可持續
SFDR Art 8
點擊翻面 ↓
"Light green",披露 ESG 整合
SFDR Art 9
點擊翻面 ↓
"Dark green",以可持續投資為核心

📋 快速數字速查表(A4 筆記參考)

科目項目數字 / 公式
ESGCO₂e 公式Σ (tons × GWP)
GWP(100 年)CO₂=1 · CH₄=30 · N₂O=265
Boeing ScopeS1=1,100 · S2=700 · S3=3,000
DCF(恒常增長)V₀ = CF₁ / (r−g)
CAPME(Rᵢ) = R_f + βᵢ[E(R_m)−R_f]
BANKINGBasel III CET1≥ 4.5%
Basel III Tier 1≥ 6%
Basel III Total Capital≥ 8%
Basel III LCR≥ 100%
Riegle-Neal 上限州內 10% / 全國 30%
FDIC 上限$250,000
BANKING Midterm · 24 Oct (Mon) 11:00–12:15 · 佔 15%
所有 lecture 內容,Chapter 7 除外(Lecture 6 不考)· Closed book · 唔準用 calculator · 帶 student ID
▶ BANKING Lecture 1 — 銀行業概觀(Chapter 1) 金融體系、銀行定義、HK 三層吸存制度

1.1 金融體系嘅主要目的

鼓勵儲蓄,並將儲存資金轉移到打算投資、需要信貸嘅個人及機構。此過程推動經濟增長、創造就業、提高生活水平。

支持服務:支付服務 · 風險保護服務 · 流動性服務

1.2 美國三項基本經濟原則

  1. 追求自由貿易(free trade)
  2. 金融服務業去監管化(deregulation)
  3. 宏觀經濟穩定(macroeconomic stability)

1.3 銀行重要性

  • 📌 美國銀行資產約佔金融體系總資產嘅 五分之一(one-fifth)
  • 📌 其他國家銀行持有金融系統 一半或以上 資產
  • 銀行同公用事業同屬受高度監管制行業

1.4 影響所有金融服務機構嘅主要趨勢

  • 服務多元化(service proliferation)
  • 競爭加劇
  • 去監管再監管
  • 危機/改革/變革
  • 對利率敏感資金組合增加
  • 科技變化與自動化
  • 整合與地理擴展
  • 匯聚(convergence)
  • 全球化

1.5 銀行之定義

  • 經濟功能
  • 提供嘅服務
  • 法律基礎

法律基礎(美國):銀行 = 任何提供可隨時提取之存款並作出商業性質貸款嘅業務。後將銀行定義為任何可取得由 FDIC 管理之存款保險嘅機構。

1.6 中心地銀行(Money-Center Banks)vs 社區銀行

Money-Center BankCommunity Bank
規模大型小型
服務範圍全國/多國/跨洲本地社區
服務種類最廣泛較窄但較個人化

1.7 香港三層吸存機構制度(Three-Tier Banking System in HK)

📌 香港維持三層吸存制度,三者合稱獲授權機構(Authorized Institutions, AIs),受《銀行條例》規管。

類別特點例子數目
甲類銀行(Authorized Institutions 1st Schedule)可吸存,受 HKD 貨幣穩定要求HSBC、Standard Chartered、CITIC(HK)17
有限制牌照銀行(Restricted License Banks)可吸存,但須預先准許Bank of China(HK)13
有限制牌照機構(Restricted License Companies)只可吸存(不供公众),不供公眾——

📌 匯聯制度(Exchange Rate Link):HK$ 兌 USD 7.80–7.85(HKD 固定兌 USD)

1.8 2007–09 信貸危機

  • 次貸危機(subprime mortgage crisis)
  • 金融衍生品(CDO、CDS)風險
  • 雷曼兄弟倒閉(2008)

1.9 銀行類型

類型定義
Retail Bank服務家庭同小型企業
Commercial Bank向企業、個人、機構吸收存款及作出貸款
Investment Bank為企業客戶包銷新證券
Universal Bank提供最廣泛金融服務
Virtual Bank只經互聯網提供服務
Money-Center Bank跨區/跨國/跨洲,提供最廣泛服務

Flashcards(點擊翻面)

美國銀行資產佔金融體系比例
點擊翻面 ↓
約五分之一(one-fifth)
HK 三層吸存制度
點擊翻面 ↓
甲類銀行 · 有限制牌照銀行 · 有限制牌照機構
HKD/USD 匯聯
點擊翻面 ↓
7.80–7.85
Money-Center Bank
點擊翻面 ↓
跨區/跨國/跨洲,提供最廣泛服務
Retail Bank
點擊翻面 ↓
服務家庭同小型企業
Virtual Bank
點擊翻面 ↓
只經互聯網提供服務

測驗(點擊選項作答)

The phenomenon of convergence refers to:
A. financial service firms expanding into other product lines
B. banks merging with insurers
C. global standardization of regulations
D. all of the above
解釋:Convergence = 金融服務機構擴展到其他產品線。
The Bank, N.A. accepts deposits from thousands of individuals and lends that money to the Stillwater Body Shop to expand their work bays. Which role is the bank performing?
A. The intermediation role
B. The risk management role
C. The payment role
D. The liquidity role
解釋:銀行吸收存款再放貸 = intermediation role(中介角色)。
Alexander Phua goes to his local bank and gets an insurance policy that protects him against loss in case he is in a car accident. Which role is the bank performing?
A. The intermediation role
B. The risk management role
C. The payment role
D. The liquidity role
解釋:保險產品 = risk management role(風險管理角色)。
Which of the following types of banks would most likely offer the largest number of financial services virtually?
A. A community bank
B. A retail bank
C. A commercial bank
D. A universal bank
解釋:Universal bank 提供最廣泛金融服務。
Banks which serve primarily households and small firms are known as _______ banks.
A. retail
B. commercial
C. investment
D. community
解釋:Retail bank 服務家庭同小型企業。
A bank which spans regions, nations, and continents, offering the widest menu of financial services is known as a _______ bank.
A. universal
B. community
C. money center
D. retail
解釋:Money-center bank 跨區/跨國/跨洲,提供最廣泛服務。
Banks that sell deposits and make loans to businesses, individuals, and institutions are known as _______ banks.
A. retail
B. commercial
C. investment
D. universal
解釋:Commercial bank 向企業、個人、機構吸收存款及作出貸款。
▶ BANKING Lecture 2 — 政府監管同法規(Chapter 2) 美國銀行法年表、Basel I/II/III

2.1 銀行監管嘅主要原因

  • 保護存款人
  • 保護金融系統安全同健全
  • 保護消費者
  • 維持競爭

2.2 美國銀行法年表

年份法律主要內容
1863National Banking Act建立聯邦銀行體系,提供國家銀行發照(chartering)
1913Federal Reserve Act成立 Federal Reserve,控制貨幣供應(money supply)
1933Glass-Steagall Act禁止商業銀行提供投資銀行服務(分離商業銀行同投資銀行)
1980Depository Institutions Deregulation Act開始利率去監管
1983FDIC Improvement Act—
1987—FDIC 存款保險上限 $100,000
1994Riegle-Neal Interstate Banking and Branching Efficiency Act允許 adequately capitalized BHC 在任何州收購銀行;州內 10% / 全國 30% 存款上限
1999Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (Financial Services Modernization Act)允許銀行、保險、證券聯營(FHC);實質廢除 Glass-Steagall
2008—金融危機
2010Dodd-Frank Regulatory Reform Act設立 Financial Stability Oversight Council (FSOC) 減緩系統性風險

2.3 Stigler 理論 vs 另一觀點

  • George Stigler:受監管制行業嘅公司實際上主動尋求監管,因監管帶來壟斷租金(monopolistic rents)。
  • 另一觀點:監管可提升消費者信心,從而增加對受監管公司嘅客戶忠誠。

2.4 Moral Hazard(道德風險)

銀行因支付固定保險費而承擔更大風險(fixed insurance premiums → greater risk)。

2.5 貨幣政策主要工具

當前中央銀行貨幣政策嘅主要工具:Open market operations(公開市場操作)。Fed 買 T-bills → 銀行存款同貸款增長。

2.6 巴賽爾協議(Basel Accords)

Basel Committee

📌 自 1975 年 Basel Concordat 起,建立國際銀行監管標準,最重要嘅係資本充足率協議(Basel I, II, III)。

📌 Basel Committee 成立於 1974 年底(BIS,巴賽爾)。

Basel I(1988)

  • 幾乎全數專注於信用風險
  • 定義資本要求及風險權重
  • 資本充足率最低 8%

Basel II(2004)

  • 增納市場風險及操作風險
  • 使用外部評級機構設定風險權重
  • 增設披露要求

Basel III(2010)

  • Common Equity Tier 1 (CET1):≥ 4.5%
  • Tier 1 Capital:≥ 6%
  • Total Capital:≥ 8%(含 buffer)
  • Leverage Ratio:≥ 3%
  • LCR(Liquidity Coverage Ratio):≥ 100%

2.7 中國銀行監管

  • 中國銀監會(CBRC,現為 CBIRC)
  • 中國人民銀行(PBOC)

Flashcards(點擊翻面)

National Banking Act 年份
點擊翻面 ↓
1863
Federal Reserve Act 年份
點擊翻面 ↓
1913
Glass-Steagall Act 年份
點擊翻面 ↓
1933
Riegle-Neal Act 年份
點擊翻面 ↓
1994
Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act 年份
點擊翻面 ↓
1999
Dodd-Frank Act 年份
點擊翻面 ↓
2010
Basel I 年份
點擊翻面 ↓
1988
Basel II 年份
點擊翻面 ↓
2004
Basel III 年份
點擊翻面 ↓
2010
Basel III CET1
點擊翻面 ↓
≥ 4.5%
Basel III Tier 1
點擊翻面 ↓
≥ 6%
Basel III Total Capital
點擊翻面 ↓
≥ 8%
Basel III Leverage Ratio
點擊翻面 ↓
≥ 3%
Basel III LCR
點擊翻面 ↓
≥ 100%
Riegle-Neal 州內/全國上限
點擊翻面 ↓
10% / 30%
FDIC 存款保險上限
點擊翻面 ↓
$250,000(2008 後)
Stigler 理論
點擊翻面 ↓
公司主動尋求監管,因監管帶來壟斷租金
Moral Hazard
點擊翻面 ↓
固定保險費 → 銀行承擔更大風險
貨幣政策主要工具
點擊翻面 ↓
Open market operations

測驗(點擊選項作答)

The 1994 law that allowed bank holding companies to acquire banks anywhere in the U.S. is:
A. The National Banking Act
B. The Federal Reserve Act
C. The Glass-Steagall Act
D. The Riegle-Neal Interstate Banking and Branching Efficiency Act
解釋:Riegle-Neal Act(1994)允許 BHC 跨州收購銀行。
As per the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, one of the ways through which a banking-insurance-securities affiliation can take place is through:
A. a financial holding company
B. a community bank
C. a retail bank
D. a money center bank
解釋:GLBA 允許透過 FHC 聯營。
Of the principal reasons for regulating banks, what was the primary purpose of the Federal Reserve Act of 1913?
A. Protecting depositors
B. Control of the money supply
C. Creating the FDIC
D. Establishing the SEC
解釋:Federal Reserve Act 主要目的係控制貨幣供應。
The moral hazard problem of banks is caused by the fixed insurance premiums paid by banks which make them accept greater risk.
True
False
解釋:Moral hazard:固定保險費使銀行承擔更大風險。
The 1994 Federal Interstate Banking bill does not limit the percentage of statewide or nationwide deposits that an interstate banking firm is allowed to control.
True
False
解釋:Riegle-Neal 有設 10%(州內)/ 30%(全國)上限。
When the Federal Reserve buys T-bills through its open market operations, it causes the growth of bank deposits and loans to decrease.
True
False
解釋:Fed 買 T-bills → 銀行存款同貸款增長(增加)。
Which of the following has become the principal tool of central bank monetary policy today?
A. Open market operations
B. Reserve requirements
C. Discount rate
D. Moral suasion
解釋:Open market operations 係當前主要工具。
Common minimum capital requirements on banks in leading industrialized nations that are based on the riskiness of their assets is imposed by:
A. The Federal Reserve
B. The SEC
C. The FDIC
D. The Basel Agreement
解釋:Basel Agreement 設定最低資本要求。
Of the principal reasons for regulating banks, what was the primary purpose of the National Banking Act (1863)?
A. Chartering new banks and examining existing ones
B. Controlling money supply
C. Insuring deposits
D. Regulating interest rates
解釋:National Banking Act 目的係發照新銀行同審查現有銀行。
The Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act of 1999 essentially repeals the Glass-Steagall Act passed in the 1930s.
True
False
解釋:GLBA 實質廢除 Glass-Steagall。
One of the earliest theories regarding the impact of regulation on banks was developed by George Stigler. He contends that:
A. firms in regulated industries actually seek out regulations because they bring monopolistic rents
B. regulations shelter firms from changes in demand and cost
C. regulations can increase consumer confidence
D. regulations protect depositors primarily
解釋:Stigler 認為公司主動尋求監管。
Which of the following acts created a Financial Stability Oversight Council to dampen systemic risk?
A. The Dodd-Frank Regulatory Reform Act
B. The Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act
C. The Glass-Steagall Act
D. The Riegle-Neal Act
解釋:Dodd-Frank 設立 FSOC。
The _______ allows adequately capitalized bank holding companies to acquire banks in any state.
A. Riegle-Neal Interstate Banking and Branching Efficiency Act
B. National Banking Act
C. Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act
D. Federal Reserve Act
解釋:Riegle-Neal Act 允許跨州收購。
A different view to George Stigler on the impact of regulation on banks contends that:
A. firms seek regulation for rents
B. regulations shelter firms from changes in demand and cost, lowering its risk
C. regulations can increase consumer confidence which increases customer loyalty to regulated firms
D. regulations protect depositors
解釋:另一觀點:監管提升消費者信心 → 客戶忠誠。
The law that allows banks to affiliate with insurance companies and securities firms to form financial services conglomerates is:
A. Glass-Steagall Act
B. National Banking Act
C. Riegle-Neal Act
D. Dodd-Frank Act
E. Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (Financial Services Modernization Act)
解釋:GLBA 允許銀行、保險、證券聯營。
The federal law that prohibited federally supervised commercial banks from offering investment banking services on privately issued securities is known as:
A. the Glass-Steagall Act
B. the National Banking Act
C. the Federal Reserve Act
D. the Dodd-Frank Act
解釋:Glass-Steagall Act 禁止商業銀行提供投資銀行服務。
The law that set up the federal banking system and provided for the chartering of national banks was the:
A. National Bank Act
B. Federal Reserve Act
C. Glass-Steagall Act
D. Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act
解釋:National Bank Act(1863)建立聯邦銀行體系。
Under the terms of the 1994 Riegle-Neal Interstate Banking and Branching Efficiency Act, adequately capitalized and managed bank holding companies can acquire a bank anywhere inside the United States.
True
False
解釋:Riegle-Neal 允許跨州收購。
▶ BANKING Lecture 3 — 投資銀行 + 財務報表(Chapter 5) 投資銀行角色 + 銀行資產負債表結構

3.1 投資銀行之角色

  • 包銷新證券(underwriting)
  • 顧問(M&A advisory)
  • 自營交易(proprietary trading)— 使用複雜數學公式,以自身資金買賣證券

3.2 投資銀行嘅組織同收入

  • 證券包銷佣金
  • 顧問費
  • 自營交易盈利

3.3 銀行資產負債表結構(Report of Condition)

3.3.1 資產四大類

  • Cash and due from depository institutions(現金同存放金融機構)
  • Securities(證券)
  • Gross loans and leases(總貸款同租賃)— 減 Loan loss allowance = Net loans and leases
  • Miscellaneous assets(其他資產):trading account assets · bank premises and fixed assets · other real estate owned · goodwill and other intangibles · all other assets

3.3.2 負債兩類

  • Deposits(存款)— 銀行最主要資金來源
  • Non-deposit borrowing(非存款借入):federal funds purchased · trading liabilities · other borrowed funds · subordinated debt · all other liabilities

3.3.3 權益資本

  • Perpetual preferred stock
  • Common stock
  • Surplus(資本盈餘)
  • Undivided profits(未分派利潤)

3.4 收益表(Report of Income)

  • Total interest income
  • Less: Total interest expense
  • = Net interest income (NII)
  • Less: Provision for loan and lease losses
  • Plus: Total noninterest income(fiduciary · service charges · trading gains · additional noninterest income)
  • Less: Total noninterest expense(salaries · premises · additional)
  • = Pretax net operating income
  • Plus/Minus: Securities gains (losses)
  • Less: Applicable income taxes
  • = Income before extraordinary items
  • Plus: Extraordinary gains—net
  • = Net income

3.5 表外項目(Off-Balance-Sheet Items)

  • FASB 115(投資證券)
  • FASB 133(衍生工具)
  • FASB 138(租賃)
  • 霸菱案例(Barclays, 2008)

Flashcards(點擊翻面)

銀行資產四大類
點擊翻面 ↓
Cash · Securities · Loans · Miscellaneous
銀行負債兩類
點擊翻面 ↓
Deposits · Non-deposit borrowing
NII 計算
點擊翻面 ↓
Total interest income − Total interest expense
Net loans 計算
點擊翻面 ↓
Gross loans − Loan loss allowance

測驗(點擊選項作答)

Each of the following typically falls into the category of loans except:
A. real estate loans
B. consumer loans
C. business loans
D. municipal bonds
E. all of the above are loans
解釋:Municipal bonds 係證券,唔係貸款。
A financial institution's bad-debt reserve, as reported on its balance sheet, is called:
A. provision for loan losses
B. allowance for possible loan losses
C. loan loss reserve
D. all of the above
解釋:Balance sheet 上叫 allowance for possible loan losses。
The noncash expense item on a bank's Report of Income designed to shelter a bank's current earnings from taxes and to help prepare for bad loans is called:
A. allowance for loan losses
B. loan loss provision
C. provision for possible loan losses
D. bad debt expense
解釋:Income statement 上嘅非現金支出叫 provision for possible loan losses。
Each of the following falls into the category of bank assets except:
A. cash
B. loans
C. demand deposits
D. securities
解釋:Demand deposits 係負債,唔係資產。
▶ BANKING Lecture 5 — 績效衡量(Chapter 6) ROA/ROE/NIM/Spread + 杜邦分析 + Gordon Growth Model

5.1 盈利比率(Profitability Ratios)

比率公式意義
ROANet Income / Average Total Assets管理效率指標
ROENet Income / Average Equity股東回報指標
NIMNet Interest Income / Average Interest-Earning Assets同時為盈利及效率指標
Net Interest SpreadAvg Asset Yield − Avg Liability Cost百分比點差,受競爭影響
Net Noninterest MarginNoninterest Income / Total Assets通常為負數

5.2 杜邦分析(DuPont Analysis)— ROE 分解

ROE = (Net Income / Sales) × (Sales / Total Assets) × (Total Assets / Equity)
ROE = Net Profit Margin (NPM) × Asset Utilization (AU) × Equity Multiplier (EM)

5.3 ROE 同 ROA 之關係

  • ROE 對融資方式(債務 vs 權益)極敏感
  • 低 ROA 可透過大量債務(高槓桿)達致較高 ROE,但須承擔更高風險(較高 debt/equity)
  • ROA 主要為管理效率指標;ROE 為股東回報指標

5.4 股本估值(Gordon Growth Model)

P₀ = D₁ / (r − g)

Exercise 1 & 2 答案:$136.78(標準計算結果)

5.5 風險指標

指標計算
信貸風險(NPL Ratio)Nonperforming Loans / Total Loans
流動性比率Loans / Deposits
市場風險(VaR)Value at Risk(置信區間內最大損失)

5.6 效率指標

  • Cost-to-Income Ratio = Operating Expense / Operating Income
  • ROA 同 ROE 嘅差距反映槓桿水平

Flashcards(點擊翻面)

ROA 公式
點擊翻面 ↓
Net Income / Average Total Assets
ROE 公式
點擊翻面 ↓
Net Income / Average Equity
NIM 公式
點擊翻面 ↓
Net Interest Income / Avg Interest-Earning Assets
Net Interest Spread
點擊翻面 ↓
Avg Asset Yield − Avg Liability Cost
杜邦分析
點擊翻面 ↓
ROE = NPM × AU × EM
Gordon Growth Model
點擊翻面 ↓
P₀ = D₁ / (r − g)
NPL Ratio
點擊翻面 ↓
Nonperforming Loans / Total Loans
Cost-to-Income Ratio
點擊翻面 ↓
Operating Expense / Operating Income

測驗(點擊選項作答)

Suppose a bank has an allowance for loan losses of $1.25 million at the beginning of the year, charges current income for a $250,000 provision for loan losses, charges off worthless loans of $150,000, and recovers $50,000 on loans previously charged off. What will be the balance in the allowance for loan losses at year-end (in million)?
A. 1.350
B. 1.400
C. 1.500
D. 1.200
解釋:$1.25M + $0.25M (provision) − $0.15M (charge-off) + $0.05M (recovery) = $1.400M

📋 快速數字速查表(A4 筆記參考)

科目項目數字 / 公式
ESGCO₂e 公式Σ (tons × GWP)
GWP(100 年)CO₂=1 · CH₄=30 · N₂O=265
Boeing ScopeS1=1,100 · S2=700 · S3=3,000
DCF(恒常增長)V₀ = CF₁ / (r−g)
CAPME(Rᵢ) = R_f + βᵢ[E(R_m)−R_f]
BANKINGBasel III CET1≥ 4.5%
Basel III Tier 1≥ 6%
Basel III Total Capital≥ 8%
Basel III LCR≥ 100%
Riegle-Neal 上限州內 10% / 全國 30%
FDIC 上限$250,000